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  BEIJING, Jan 16 (Reuters) - China´s Foreign Minister Wang
  Yi called on Southeast Asian countries on Thursday to
  take strong measures to crack down on online gambling and telecom fraud, urging the
  "relevant" nations to shoulder their responsibilities.
  
  
  A series of cases of online gambling and telecom fraud incidents
  along the Thai-Myanmar border has threatened and harmed citizens of China and
  other countries, Wang was quoted as saying in a foreign ministry
  statement. He told a rare meeting with the region's envoys that China was willing to strengthen cooperation with ASEAN countries
  in law enforcement and security to provide a safe environment in which people of all nations can travel.
  
  
  China´s offer to step up security cooperation underscores Beijing´s
  increasing concern over the growing threat posed by telecom fraud and human trafficking in Southeast Asia.
  It also suggests a new urgency from Beijing to bolster coordination with the 10-nation ASEAN grouping, which
  includes Myanmar and Thailand, to tackle cross-border crime.
  
  
  Chinese tourists, who spent billions of dollars annually across the region prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, are
  a significant source of revenue for neighbouring Southeast Asian countries.
  However, concerns about trafficking and stories circulating on Chinese social media of travellers
  being held up by gangs could deter them from visiting there.
  
  
  In a recent high-profile case, a Chinese actor
  who went missing earlier this month near
  the Thai-Myanmar border was found in Myanmar. Thai police said last week they
  believed he was a victim of human trafficking.
  
  Overseas fraud syndicates have duped Chinese citizens with promises of high-paying jobs, food, accommodation and airfares, and trapped them in telecom fraud dens in towns such as Myawaddy, on Myanmar's
  border with Thailand, China's public security ministry was reported as saying by state media CCTV on Wednesday.
  
  
  
  Thai policymakers agreed to "speed up the resolution of the problems impacting Thailand's image as a safe tourism destination" during a cabinet meeting on Monday,
  China's state-run Xinhua news agency reported on Wednesday.
  
  
  Thailand last year helped facilitate the transfer of
  about 900 Chinese nationals who had been trapped in scam centres in Myawaddy,
  while in 2023, Myanmar handed over 31,000 telecom fraud suspects to China.
  
  
  (Reporting by Joe Cash, Yukun Zhang and Ryan Woo; Editing by Lincoln Feast and Emelia Sithole-Matarise)
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  Agents of India's "migration express" sell one-way ticket to debt bondage
  By REUTERS
  
  Published: 00:01 GMT, 10 November 2016 | Updated: 00:01 GMT, 10 November 2016
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  e-mail
  
  
  
  By Anuradha Nagaraj
  
  KANTABANJI, India, Nov 10 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - N ijam Khan was
  on a recruiting spree. All through the autumn, he drove to villages
  around the town of Kantabanji in India's eastern Odisha state looking for labour.
  
  
  He zeroed in on poor families, jobless men and desperate couples.
  He gave them cash to buy food and clothes ahead of the local harvest festival.
  In return, they gave him their freedom.
  
  "There are no jobs here," Khan said, sitting in the office of his self-styled transport company in Kantabanji, a
  railway town in the drought-prone district.
  
  
  "The people will starve if we don't give them these loans and jobs."
  
  What Khan describes as "loans and jobs", rights groups
  call debt bondage - the most prevalent form of forced labour in a country where an estimated 18 million people live
  in some form of modern slavery, according to the latest Global Slavery
  Index by Walk Free Foundation.
  
  In Kantabanji, population 22,000, it's so prevalent that every second person seems
  to be a "sardar", or labour agent.
  
  "The booming economy of Kantabanji is like an oasis in the otherwise desolate, poor landscape of Balangir district,"
  said Umi Daniel, a migrant rights activist with Aide et Action in Odisha.
  
  
  
  "The railhead thrives on the labour of migrant workers who are sent with the promise of better wages. But the only people making profits are the labour agents sending them out."
  
  Agents prey on the tens of thousands of families who
  leave their villages in western Odisha each autumn to seek work across India in a mass movement
  of people called the "annual migration", which
  lasts until the spring planting season.
  
  Most are duped into offering themselves for work as security against a loan they have taken or debt inherited from a relative, rights
  activists say. They then spend the next six months - or more - working to pay it back.
  
  
  In 90 percent of cases, they are trafficked by labour agents
  to brick kilns to feed India's construction industry.
  
  
  
  
  SMUGGLED PAST OFFICIALS
  
  The agents, most in their 30s or early 40s, have found ways
  to bypass the law, pay off officials and keep up the steady supply of cheap labour.
  Illegal recruitment is an industry worth $150 billion a year, campaigners say.
  
  
  Alongside the sardars are the so-called muscle men who settle scores with defaulters and bribe officials.
  
  
  
  These enforcers sneak bonded labourers past authorities by disguising them as marriage parties or
  splitting families into smaller groups, senior police officer Ashish Kumar Singh told the Thomson Reuters
  Foundation.
  
  Around 230 agents received licences in 2015 to recruit workers legitimately in Balangir district under legislation on the inter-state movement
  of labour, government data shows. They registered and sent out 17,998 workers to
  brick kilns nationwide.
  
  This year, 170 agents have been granted licences and more than 13,000
  labourers have been registered, all scheduled to leave their homes in November.
  
  
  
  Those figures are dwarfed by the actual number of migrants who leave the district every year
  - around 500,000, according to activists and agents in Kantabanji.
  
  
  "They are going illegally, which means they are being trafficked," district labour officer Madan Mohan Paik said.
  "But we don't have ways and means to check this effectively. It has been like this for a very long time."
  
  The exploitation begins with an "advance" of 20,000 rupees ($300) - a welcome
  sum in a region where poverty is dire. The workers have to pay back the
  loan after six months.
  
  Kilns typically pay 300-400 rupees ($4-6) per 10,000 bricks,
  which means workers need to make almost 700,000 bricks to pay off the debt.
  
  
  In addition to getting back their advance, agents receive a commission for
  every worker they send out. They also get 20 rupees (30 cents) for every 1,
  000 bricks the workers make.
  
  Rescued workers say there is often no documentation of loans taken or
  how much debt has been cleared.
  
  "Even before I left my village, I had worked up a debt of nearly 30,000 rupees," Umesh Mahanand, 17, said.
  "But I thought I would work hard and repay it quickly. I didn't realise that the amount can technically never be repaid."
  
  
  THE NEW NORMAL
  
  It's all said to have started in the 1970s with a man named Dashrath Suna, known as
  a champion brick maker. He was one of the first men to migrate from
  Balangir, one of the poorest districts in western Odisha.
  
  
  
  "I was very good and could make 6,000 bricks a day," Suna told
  the Thomson Reuters Foundation at his home in Belpada village, 50 kilometres (30 miles) from the Kantabanji.
  
  
  "The brick kiln owner was happy and asked me to bring in friends to work the next time. I did and slowly it became a business."
  
  Suna would cycle to far-flung villages, offering small loans
  around the festive time of Nuakhai in September, when farmers celebrate the rice harvest.
  
  
  "Everyone needs a little extra cash around Nuakhai, to buy clothes, cook a good meal, drink a little and celebrate," he said.
  
  
  So he convinced families to migrate out of the drought-prone region, where reliable employment is rare.
  
  
  "I was able to convince them and the labour market was built on the trust between the brick kiln owner, the agent and the labourer,"
  the octogenarian said.
  
  As the labour market grew, so did Suna's fortunes.
  Over the years, he built a two-storey house in Belpada,
  where he lives with his children and grandchildren.
  
  His success spurred others to become labour agents.
  
  
  "Everyone in this village has profited from migration,"
  said his son, Ruku Sona, a popular singer in the region.
  
  "Even the labourers have benefited. Every home will have a motorcycle now. It wouldn't have been possible if labour wasn't sent out. Nobody should really be complaining."
  
  In the bylanes of Kantabanji, Suna's name is whispered with reverence.
  But Bablu Khan's is uttered with fear.
  
  One of Suna's men in the early days, his job was to pay off labour inspectors and
  railway police and fight other agents to ensure
  the workers Suna had picked made it onto the "migration express".
  
  
  Once he'd learnt the ropes, he started out on his own.
  
  Bablu Khan soon became the biggest player in the market, sending out more labour than any other agent and
  quickly changing the ground rules of migration in Kantabanji.
  
  
  
  "The market became brutal," said one sub-agent, declining to be identified.
  "People were herded like cattle and sent on trains. Many survive the journey and the hardships at the brick kilns. Many others don't."
  
  In 2013, the brutality of the business hit global
  headlines when agents chopped off the hands of two labourers for
  trying to escape debt bondage. The case is still
  on at a court in Odisha.
  
  
  RAILHEAD TO MISERY
  
  Nijam Khan keeps a tidy desk at the Khwaja Garib Nawaz Transport Office, with two biscuit
  tins in one corner and a picture of his father.
  
  He arrived dressed in a crisp white shirt and blue jeans, preceded by
  two henchmen who told half a dozen labourers sitting on a bench outside to wait in an alley nearby.
  
  
  Inside, Nijam Khan showed off his labour agent
  licence and the lists he keeps. They show who has been sent where and how much each worker has been paid in advance.
  
  
  "My father had a licence to send 1,400 labourers and we renew it religiously," he
  said. "Everyone is an agent now and everyone is sending a few hundred people out. It's a way of life here."
  
  Police officials, requesting anonymity, said Nijam Khan sends thousands
  more workers than his licence allows. Khan denies that he exceeds
  his legal quota.
  
  The proceeds from migrant labour account for 50 percent of the region's
  economy, said Haji Mohammad Ayub Khan, Kantabanji's elected representative in the state assembly.
  His own brother was one of the bigger labour agents in town.
  
  "Government schemes are not reaching remote villages, leaving people with practically no options. If migration is stopped, people will turn criminals. They will take to stealing to stay alive."
  
  To make the process more efficient, he has asked the railway ministry to increase the number
  of trains heading out of Kantabanji.
  
  Politician Khan's brother, labour agent Haroon Khan, keeps
  a close eye on goings-on at the Kantabanji railway
  station.
  
  He sat on a chair on the pavement outside his office,
  reluctant to talk about a "dying business" he says he had given up.
  
  
  But in the next hour, over cups of sweet tea,
  he talked about "the glorious days when business comes to town".
  
  
  
  "The hotels would be full and brick kiln owners would hand over large suitcases of money to be distributed as advances," he
  recalled as it got dark. "There would be a certain air of festivity." ($1=66.723 Indian rupees) (Reporting by Anuradha
  Nagaraj; editing by Timothy Large; Please credit the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the
  charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, which covers humanitarian news, women's rights,
  trafficking and climate change. Visit website of India's
  "migration express" sell one-way ticket to debt b...
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